GLP-2 (glucagon-likepeptide-2) was discovered and named by the Lilly Laboratory in the United States when cloning the proglucagon gene (PG). In 1996, Drucker et al. discovered that the active ingredient in proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) that promotes intestinal mucosal growth is GLP-2. Its effect is stronger than other growth factors that have been discovered, and its growth-promoting effect is organ-specific (limited to the stomach and intestine), GLP-2 began to be valued and studied. Subse...

Genetically engineered drugs are introduced into host cells such as Escherichia coli, yeast or mammalian cells through recombinant technology to construct engineering strains or cell strains, and then undergo specific expression, assembly, folding and post-translational modification processes to produce drugs with corresponding Bioactive macromolecules. Endogenous proteins derived from host cells are called host cell proteins (HCPs). Their composition is complex. Depending on the selected host c...

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important class of food-borne pathogens that cause food contamination and food poisoning, and is also a symbiont of human skin and mucous membranes. Studies have found that about 20%~30 % of healthy individuals carry Staphylococcus aureus. Animal foods are susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection, such as milk, butter, cured ham, etc. Food poisoning incidents caused by Staphylococcus aureus have been frequently reported, and more than 95% of them are...

The incidence and prevalence of diabetes are increasing year by year globally, and patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to the presence of abnormal myocardial structure and performance in the absence of other heart-related risk factors (such as coronary artery-related disease, hypertension, and severe valvular disease). DCM can lead to cardiac systolic or diastolic dysfunction, further causing heart failure...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by comprehensive dementia manifestations such as memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, impairment of visuospatial skills, executive dysfunction, and personality and behavioral changes. Alzheimer’s disease is progressive and irreversible and can only be delayed with medication. Once it develops into moderate or severe disease, it will cause significant harm to the l...

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the herpesvirus alpha subfamily and has a unique 4-layer structure. The core of HSV is a linear double-stranded DNA of about 152 000 bp, surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The outer capsid is a membrane, which contains more than 20 important proteins that can regulate the virus replication cycle. It is a characteristic structure of herpes viruses, can connect the capsid and envelope to form a complete virus particle. The outermost layer of HSV is the lipid...

As a tumor suppressor, p53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancers. Due to its important role in tumor suppression, p53 has attracted great interest from researchers in drug development. As a transcription factor, p53 is directly or indirectly involved in regulating many genes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and DNA repair. In recent years, p53 has become one of the most important and attractive drug targets in cancer treatment. This article will review re...