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on March 5, 2024
Neuroprosthetics is an emerging field that aims to develop neural implants and interfaces that can restore lost functions in the central and peripheral nervous system. Over the past few decades, researchers across the globe have made tremendous progress in developing various Global Neuroprosthetics Market devices that are enhancing lives.
US Develops Brain-Machine Interfaces
In the United States, significant research is being done to develop brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that can decode brain signals and enable paralyzed individuals to control devices through thought. One of the pioneering institutes is the Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering at the University of Washington. Their research involves decoding motor cortical signals using multi-electrode arrays implanted on the brain's motor cortex.
Through extensive training and practice, paralyzed individuals have been able to control robotic arms, prosthetic hands as well as computer cursors just by thinking about specific movements. Professor Dong Song and his team has also developed non-invasive BMI systems that can translate brain signals recorded through EEG electrodes on the scalp. These advancements open up exciting possibilities for restoring lost motor functions through thought-controlled BMIs.
EU Focuses on Retinal and Cochlear Implants
In Europe, extensive work is being done to develop neural implants for restoring vision and hearing. At the University of Tübingen in Germany, researchers like Professor Eberhard Zrenner have designed advanced retinal implants that can restore basic vision in patients suffering from retinal degenerative diseases like AMD and retinitis pigmentosa.
Their implant, called Intraocular Retinal Implant Alpha AMS, involves a grid of 60 electrodes that are placed inside the eye to electrically stimulate the retinal neurons. Clinical trials have shown recipients gaining the ability to detect objects, motion and light. Meanwhile, scientists in the UK and France have also made important contributions to cochlear implant technology which is restoring hearing in deaf individuals worldwide.
Japan Makes Progress in Exoskeleton Robotics
In Japan, neuroprosthetics is being applied to develop powered exoskeleton systems that can enhance human strength and motor abilities. Professor Sankai's Cyberdyne Inc. in Tsukuba has created a full-body exoskeleton called HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) that can read signals from the user's muscles and individually power the robotic joints.
Through a process of adaptation, HAL can assist or resist movements according to the user's intended task—be it lifting heavy objects, walking or exercising. The Japanese government is sponsoring extensive clinical research into applying these exoskeletons for helping elderly individuals as well as people suffering from motor impairments. Some other Japanese institutes like the University of Tokyo are also exploring soft, lightweight exoskeletons and neuroprosthetic devices.
India Builds upon Basal Ganglia Deep Brain Stimulation
With a vision of making advanced healthcare accessible for more, neuroprosthetics research in India is strategically focusing on cost-effective solutions. Nanaimo's National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) in Manesar has done seminal work in developing deep brain stimulation (DBS) technology for treating movement disorders.
In collaboration with Medtronic India, NBRC's DBS system offerings have provided relief for thousands of Parkinson's patients across the country who otherwise could not afford such surgery. Building upon this, scientists are now optimizing the electrode designs as well as exploring alternative deep brain targets like the subthalamic nucleus for enhanced outcomes. Indian hospitals have also performed several successful DBS procedures targeting the internal globus pallidus to control severe dystonia.
Canada Advances Wireless Brain-Interfaces
Canadian researchers are leveraging wireless technology to develop cutting-edge neural interfaces. Professor Michael Tyka's lab at the University of British Columbia led the development of the world's first (and only) wireless intracortical brain-computer interface. Implanted with tiny cerebrovascular flow sensors and microchips, it can read neural signals and communicate them remotely via Bluetooth.
With its long-term stability and absence of percutaneous wires eliminating infection risk, this wireless implant holds promise for providing truly portable high-fidelity BMIs. Meanwhile, scientists at The Polytechnique Montreal are working on decoding motor cortex neurons to wirelessly control robotic actuators and prosthetics. Such wireless capabilities are expected to yield free-moving BMIs holding potential for paralyzed individuals.
South Korea Drives Development of AI-Assisted Neuroprosthetics
South Korean institutes are working towards the synergistic integration of artificial intelligence into neuroprosthetic systems. For example, Professor Sung-Phil Kim's group at Hanyang University has developed autonomous brain-controlled exoskeletons that can adapt to changing environments using AI.
The exoskeleton analyzes sensorimotor patterns, classifies movement intention and provides appropriate real-time assistance without needing continuous focus from the user. This alleviates mental burden. Other projects involve combining BMIs with deep learning algorithms to enhance decoding accuracy of complex neurological signals over time. Such AI-driven prosthetics could overcome current limitations and facilitate more natural and intuitive control.
The advancements highlighted here represent just the tip of the iceberg in global neuroprosthetics innovation. As multi-disciplinary collaborations continue between engineers, surgeons and neuroscientists worldwide, we can expect development of far more flawless neural interfaces, safer and effective implants as well as sophisticated assistive technologies in the future. With continued research support and knowledge-sharing between international programs, neuroprosthetic solutions hold the promise to dramatically enhance quality of life for millions affected by disabilities.
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